Henry VII of legitimised Lancastrian descent became king of England five months later, he married Elizabeth of York, thus giving rise to the Tudor dynasty. The rivalry between the House of Plantagenet's two cadet branches of York and Lancaster brought about the Wars of the Roses, a decades-long fight for the English succession, culminating in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, when the reign of the Plantagenets and the English Middle Ages both met their end with the death of King Richard III. English nobles raised private armies, engaged in private feuds and openly defied Henry VI. Popular revolts were common-place, triggered by the denial of numerous freedoms. In the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years' War and beset with social, political and economic problems. A distinct national identity was shaped by their conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, as well as by the establishment of Middle English as the primary language. The king was no longer considered an absolute monarch in the nation-holding the prerogatives of judgement, feudal tribute, and warfare-but now also had defined duties to the kingdom, underpinned by a sophisticated justice system. The Plantagenet kings were often forced to negotiate compromises such as Magna Carta, which had served to constrain their royal power in return for financial and military support. Under the Plantagenets, England was transformed. The family held the English throne from 1154 (with the accession of Henry II at the end of the Anarchy) to 1485, when Richard III died in battle. The House of Plantagenet ( / p l æ n ˈ t æ dʒ ə n ə t/ plan- TAJ-ə-nət French: Plantagenêt ), or the Plantagenet Dynasty, was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou and Normandy in France.
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